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{"sheet":"Ammonia Best Practices Page 1 ","index":0,"n_rows":18,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":18,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[10,2,14,5],[14,7,19,10],[5,2,5,5],[6,2,6,5],[1,2,1,10],[2,2,2,10],[3,2,3,10],[8,2,9,5],[17,2,17,5],[16,2,16,5],[13,7,13,11]]}
["Instructions: This tab provides an overview of ammonia removal best practices for Illinois Wastewater Treatment Plants. Use the tab key to navigate through each best practice."]
[null,null,"Ammonia Removal Best Practices "]
[null,null,"Illinois Wastewater Plants"]
[]
[]
["Why is Ammonia Removal Important?",null,"Why is Ammonia Removal Important?"]
["Excessive ammonia discharged to receiving waters can cause serious ecological problems, such as eutrophication resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen, and excessive algal growth. Substantial concentrations of ammonia in wastewater can also cause toxicity to fish and wildlife.",null,"Excessive ammonia discharged to receiving waters can cause serious ecological problems, such as eutrophication resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen, and excessive algal growth. Substantial concentrations of ammonia in wastewater can also cause toxicity to fish and wildlife."]
["Sources of Ammonia"]
["Ammonia comes from many source.  Biological sources include animal protein (meat, blood), Urea, and Amino Acids. Nitrogen in the air is fixated by plants into ammonia. Ammonia is also introduced to waterbodies by many municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities (for example, the use of fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, production process chemicals, and cleaning chemicals).",null,"Sources of Ammonia"]
["Diagnosing your system and using this tool"]
["To diagnose your system after an ammonia exceedance, have the \"System Profile Data Sheet\" on hand including the necessary monitoring materials recommended.   After initial data gathering, review the \"Process Flow Chart\" for actions and tips to reduce ammonia nitrogen based on the observed parameters of operation.",null,"Ammonia comes from many source.  Biological sources include animal protein (meat, blood), Urea, and Amino Acids. Nitrogen in the air is fixated by plants into ammonia. Ammonia is also introduced to waterbodies by many municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities (for example, the use of fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, production process chemicals, and cleaning chemicals)."]
["How to control for Ammonia in Wastewater Systems?"]
["In order to remove ammonia from wastewater, ammonia needs to be converted to Nitrite/Nitrate or directly oxidized. This requires specific conditions in wastewater to allow for the preferred microorganisms to grow and multiply thereby removing ammonia from the system. The 5 main parameters that promote this process include Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Solids Retention Time, Temperature, Biomass. If your plant is experiencing excessive ammonia levels regularly or periodically, knowledge of one's own system is important to accurately analyze and promote specific conditions for ammonia removal by modifying or \"optimizing\" the treatment process.  This analysis is guided by performing a system profile across different parts of the treatment system."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"How to control for Ammonia in Wastewater Systems?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In order to remove ammonia from wastewater, ammonia needs to be converted to Nitrite/Nitrate or directly oxidized. This requires specific conditions in wastewater to allow for the preferred microorganisms to grow and multiply thereby removing ammonia from the system. The 5 main parameters that promote this process include Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Solids Retention Time, Temperature, Biomass. If your plant is experiencing excessive ammonia levels regularly or periodically, knowledge of one's own system is important to accurately analyze and promote specific conditions for ammonia removal by modifying or \"optimizing\" the treatment process.  This analysis is guided by performing a system profile across different parts of the treatment system."]
[]
[null,null,"Diagnosing your system and using this tool"]
[null,null,"To diagnose your system after an ammonia exceedance, have the \"System Profile Data Sheet\" on hand including the necessary monitoring materials recommended.   After initial data gathering, review the \"Process Flow Chart\" for actions and tips to reduce ammonia nitrogen based on the observed parameters of operation."]

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["Instructions: This tab provides a description of the nitrogen cycle and definitions for common terms. Use the tab key to navigate."]
[null,"Ammonia Removal Best Practices "]
[null,"Illinois Wastewater Plants"]
[]
[]
[null,"Nitrogen Cycle"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Definitions"]
[null,"Ammonia (NH3): ","Compound of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, naturally a gas unless dissolved in other substances (ex. water)."]
[null,"Ammonium (NH4+): ","Positively charged ion of Ammonia with an additional Hydrogen atom, found naturally as a dissolved solid.  + Low pH environments favor NH4+ and high pH favors NH3 "]
[null,"Nitrate (NO3-): ","Ion of Nitrogen and Oxygen, less reactive then (NO2-) and is often found in the form of a salt"]
[null,"Nitrite (NO2-): ","Ion of Nitrogen and Oxygen, more reactive then (NO3-)"]
[null,"Nitrification: ","An aerobic process in which nitrosomonas and nitrobacter babacteria convert ammonia and oxygen to Nitrite then Nitrate"]
[null,"Solids Retention Time (SRT): ","Also, refered to as Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT), The amount of time on average,  a particle remains in the system."]
[null,null,"Equation: MCR or SRT (in days) = Aeration Tank TSS (in lbs) + Clarifier TSS (in lbs) divided by TSS Wasted (in lbs/day) + Effluent TSS (in lbs/day)"]
[null,"Hydraulic Loading: ","Flow in million gallons per day (MGD) or gallons per day (gpd) to a treatment plant or treatment process. Directly influences SRT, system capacity and overflow rates"]
[null,"Dissolved Oxygen (DO): ","Concentration of oxygen molecules dissolved in water/wastewater in miligrams per liter (mg/L) "]
[null,"Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): ","The amount of \"organic load\" in a smaple. Measured in terms of oxygen required for the organismes to consume the organic material. Measured as miligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of water (mg/L)."]
[null,"Biomass: ","Total mass of organic material consisting of living organisms, wastes, dead organisms, and debris"]
[null,"Total Suspended Solids (TSS):","Also refered to mixed liquer suspended solids (MLSS), The concentration of suspended solids in an aeration tank during the activated sludge process. Measured as  miligrams of solids per liter of water (mg/L)"]
[null,"Mixed Liquer Volitile Suspended Solids (MLVSS):","The volatile portion of MLSS to represent the concentration of organisms present. Units are in miligrams of volitile solids per liter of water (mg/L)"]
[null,"Alkalinity: ","The capacity of water/wastewater to neutralize acids. Capacity is measured by the water’s content of carbonate, bi carbonate and hydroxide. It is expressed in mg/L of equivalent calcium carbonate. *It is not the same as pH because water doesn’t not have to be strongly basic to have high alkalinity."]
[null,"F/M Ratio: ","A process control method based on maintaining a specified balance between available food (BOD) introduced to the microorganisms and existing microorganisms already in the system (MLVSS)."]
[null,null,"Equation: Food or Microorganism Ratio = BOD5 (in lbs/day) divided by MLVSS (in lbs)"]

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["Instructions: Enter in the required information as prompted, using the tab or enter key to navigate to the next cell. Cells identified as \"Automatic calculation\" represent the results of the calculations performed on this page, and are automatically imported into the analysis in the next page."]
[null,"System Profile Data Sheet"]
[null,"(Report data within 7 days of Ammonia Excursion)"]
[]
[null,"Type of Ammonia Excursion?","Yes/No",null,"Date of Samples"]
[null,"Always \"High\""]
[null,"Seasonal"]
[null,"Sporadic"]
[]
[null,"Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3)",null,null,"Temperature (*F)"]
[null,"Influent/Before Treatment",null,null,"Influent/Before Treatment"]
[null,"Under Aeration",null,null,"Under Aeration"]
[null,"Effluent",null,null,"Effluent"]
[]
[null,"DO (mg/L)",null,null,"BOD (mg/L)"]
[null,"Concentration Under Aeration",null,null,"Influent/Before Treatment"]
[null,"Aerator Run Time (hours/day)",null,null,"Before Aeration"]
[null,null,null,null,"Effluent"]
[null,"Flow (MGD)",null,null,"*If no additional process is accounted for use Influent BOD value"]
[null,"Design Flow"]
[null,"Influent Flow"]
[null,"Effluent Flow",null,null,"F/M Ratio"]
[null,"Hydralic Loading Capacity (%)",{"$f":"C22/C20*100","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}},null,"Food to Microorganism Ratio",{"$f":"(F17*8.34*C21)/(C30*8.34*C26*C33)","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}}]
[]
[null,"SRT (days)"]
[null,"Volume Under Aeration (MG)",null,null,"Ammonia (mg/L)"]
[null,"Volume Under Clarification (MG)",null,null,"Collection System"]
[null,"Volume Wasted (MG)",null,null,"Influent/Before Treatment"]
[null,"TSS Under Clarification (mg/L)",null,null,"Under Aeration"]
[null,"TSS Under Aeration (mg/L)",null,null,"Effluent"]
[null,"TSS Wasted (WAS) (mg/L)",null,null,"% Removal",{"$f":"(1-(F30/F28))*100","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}}]
[null,"Effluent TSS (mg/L)"]
[null,"Volatile Portion (MLVSS) (mg/L)"]
[null,"SRT (days)",{"$f":"((C30*8.34*C26)+(C29*8.34*C27))/((C31*8.34*C28)+(C32*8.34*C22))","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}}]
[]
[null,"*Values surrounded by a red box are calculated automatically,  no input is required."]
[]
[null,"Equipment List"]
[null,"Lab TSS Analysis or TSS Probe",null,null,"BOD Lab Analysis"]
[null,"Lab Ammonia Analysis or Ammonia Test Kit",null,null,"Thermometer"]
[null,"DO Meter",null,null,"Sludge Judge"]
[null,"Alkalinity Test Strips or Probe"]

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["Instructions: use the tab key to navigate through the results of the analysis. Important parameters are calculated and compared to recommended ranges. If values are outside of recommended ranges, recommendations are provided for improving conditions at the plant."]
[null,"Process Flow Chart"]
[null,"Start at 1. and progressively move to 2. 3. 4. 5. as each parameter meets specifications."]
[null,"Note that this process may take more than one SRT (biological growth cycle) to complete."]
[]
[null,"1. Alkalinity ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Your Value (mg/L CaCO3)"]
[null,"Is the Alkalinity concentration between 75 mg/L CaCO3 and 250 mg/L CaCO3?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!C11","v":0},"If yes, tab through the following alkalinity information and tips and proceed to section 2 dissolved oxygen. If not, use the tab key to navigate to general information and tips for improving alkalinity conditions."]
[null,"Yes","Proceed to DO"]
[null,"No","Consider the tips below to increase your alkalinity concentration to at least 75 mg/L"]
[]
[null,"Tips"]
[null,"Alkalinity is the first parameter to change in the system as opposed to pH which has a lag time due to how quickly CO2 can be released into the air. Low alkalinity results in incomplete nitrification and depressed pH. For nitrification to occur, 7.1 mg/CaCO3 is depleted per 1 mg of Ammonia oxidized to Nitrate/Nitrite."]
[null,"To increase Alkalinity, you can add sodium bicarbonate or lime prior to aeration. The amount required dependent on how much ammonia needs to be oxidized (8:1 mass ratio of Alkalinity to Ammonia is commonly used)."]
[null,"Well water often has significantly higher alkalinity than surface water and can often be added to the treatment process supplementing a system's alkalinity needs."]
[null,"2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Your Value (mg/L)"]
[null,"Is the DO concentration under aeration between 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!C16","v":0},"If your DO value is in the required range, tab through the following DO information and tips and proceed to section 3 solids retention time and hydraulic loading capacity. If not, use the tab key to navigate to general information and tips for improving dissolved oxygen conditions."]
[null,"Yes","Proceed to Solids Retention Time and Hydraulic Loading Capacity"]
[null,"No","Consider the tips below to move your DO concentration to the recommended range"]
[]
[null,"Tips"]
[null,"The nitrification process consumes a large quantity of oxygen. If there is not enough  DO available to the microorganisms then the process can be suppressed. Nitrifying bacteria need 4.6 mg of oxygen to convert 1 mg of Ammonia to Nitrite/Nitrate."]
[null,"To increase DO in the system: increase blower, aerator speed or increase the cycle time \"on\"."]
[null,"Add additional aeration equipment to system as needed to maintain adequate DO and allow for a more even distribution."]
[null,"Expose the microorganisms to the atmosphere by removing covers/vegetation and anything that would reduce air movement across the surface of the basin."]
[null,"Ponds: remove floating aquatic vegetation (e.g., duckweed). Significant duckweed can reduce the natural oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to the pond water."]
[null,"3. Solids Retention Time (SRT) & Hydraulic Loading Capacity (HLC)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Your Value"]
[null,"Is the SRT between 7 and 14 days?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null," SRT (days)",{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!C34","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}}]
[null,"Is the hydraulic loading capacity between 50% and 99%?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null," HLC (%)",{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!C23","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}},"If your SRT and HLC are both in the correct ranges, tab through the following information and tips and proceed to section 4 temperature. If not, use the tab key to navigate to general information and tips for improving solids retention time and hydraulic loading capacity."]
[null,"Yes","Proceed to Temperature"]
[null,"No","Consider the tips below to move your SRT and/or HLC to the recommended range"]
[]
[null,"Tips"]
[null,"Nitrifying bacteria are slow growing compared to other bacteria found in wastewater and require at least 7 days to become established. If the plant is running above design capacity (>100%) and SRT is too low, there may not enough time for the bacteria to absorb/convert ammonia to Nitrite/Nitrate. Conversely, if the system is being underutilized and has a high SRT, accumulated solids can be anaerobically digested and ammonia can be re-released into the system."]
[null,"If the system allows, run treatment trains in parallel to decrease SRT or sequential to increase SRT."]
[null,"Take process units online or offline as appropriate to stay within the recommended percent capacity of system design (e.g., pond cells, aeration basins, secondary clarifiers)."]
[null,"Install baffling in key locations to slow down flow and prevent short circuiting."]
[null,"Adjust the amount of solids removed from the system per day to achieve the recommended SRT."]
[null,"During colder months, increase SRT to account for lower biological activity and slower growth from the nitrifying bacteria. "]
[null,"4. Temperature",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Your Value  (*F)"]
[null,"Is the temperature of the wastewater under aeration between 61*F and 113*F?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!F12","v":0},"If your temperature is in the correct range, tab through the following information and tips and proceed to section 5 biomass. If not, use the tab key to navigate to general information and tips for improving temperature conditions."]
[null,"Yes","Proceed to Biomass"]
[null,"No","Consider the tips below to move temperature to the recommended range"]
[]
[null,"Tips"]
[null,"Biological activity and nitrification are highly dependent on temperature; the lower the temperature the slower the biological activity. Below 41 degrees F, nitrification ceases. "]
[null,"Cover basins to retain heat."]
[null,"Increase SRT to accommodate slower biological activity."]
[null,"If the air is warmer than the water, create surface disturbance to allow more water to make contact with the air, this can be achieved by surface aerators or mixers.  "]
[null,"5. Biomass",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Your Value (F:M ratio)"]
[null,"Is there enough food for the microorganisms to grow and multiply without overloading the system? (F/M Ratio 0.2 - 0.6)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"'System Profile Data Sheet'!F23","v":{"$error":"#DIV/0!"}},"If your F/M ratio is in the correct range, tab through the following information and tips and proceed to the Additional Actions section. If not, use the tab key to navigate to general information and tips for improving temperature conditions."]
[null,"Yes","Proceed to Additional Actions"]
[null,"No","Consider the tips below to improve the F/M ratio"]
[]
[null,"Tips"]
[null,"The performance of the system can be suppressed if there is not an adequate population of nitrifying bacteria to accommodate the incoming waste stream or if the incoming waste stream is too little for the microorganisms to reproduce. The system may be overloaded or underloaded for the following reasons:\n- seasonal load patterns such as offseason or tourist seasons,\n- microorganisms are under aeration for too long and they have consumed all of the existing food available,\n- incoming waste lacks specific components for continued nitrifying bacteria growth, such as industrial waste."]
[null,"Supplement BOD by adding a food source to the system (e.g., dog food, glucose)."]
[null,"Provide supplemental mixing to keep food and microorganisms suspended and in contact with each other."]
[null,"Adjusting the active process units of the plant to account for the approximate loading observed (e.g., shutting down or isolating treatment trains to concentrate existing microbes or temporarily increasing capacity for seasonal loading fluxes). "]
[]
[]
[null,"Additional Actions"]
[null,"Are there any site-specific variables, such as those listed below, that are contributing to the elevated ammonia levels?"]
[null,"Microbial Assessment - How abundant are the nitrifying bacteria? (e.g., lab microscope assessment) "]
[null,"Shock load Identification - Are there major fluctuations in loading to the plant? (e.g., RV park discharge, septic hauler)"]
[null,"Collection System Survey - Where is the high ammonia influent coming from?"]
[null,"Industrial or Illegal Dumping - Could there be any unknown contributors to the system?"]
[null,"Lab Water Analysis - Could there be a contaminant that is depressing biological activity? (e.g., disinfecting agent from cleaning operations)"]
[null,"Internal Process Change - Were there any major plant adjustments or changes in operations within 1 SRT of the most recent ammonia excursion? "]
[null,"Alternative Ammonia Removal Methods"]
[null,"These methods are an option when the current system design and capacity do not allow for additional ammonia removal (the system is fully optimized in the current state). Methods are usually applied late in the process at plant effluent. There is typically significant capital investment or operational changes involved."]
[null,"Ammonia Stripping - Ammonia is converted to a gas in the presence of high pH wastewater (10.5-11.5) and air."]
[null,"Breakpoint Chlorination - Adding chlorine until the ammonia has been oxidized to nitrogen gas."]
[null,"Ion Exchange - Passing ammonia-laden wastewater through a series of columns packed with natural or synthetic resins with a particular charge (zeolite/clinoptilolite)."]

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["This page provides a list of references used throughout this workbook and contact information for the workbook authors. Illustrations are provided of the sampling equipment required to collect the necessary data for full use of this spreadsheet tool"]
[null,"References "]
[]
[null,"Kerri, Kenneth D. Advanced Waste Treatment: A Field Study Training Program. 5th ed., California State University, 2006."]
[]
[null,"ABC Formula/Conversion Table for Wastewater Treatment, Industrial, Collection and Laboratory Exams. https://www.abccert.org/pdf_docs/abcwwtfctable.pdf."]
[]
[null,"WEF. Wastewater Treatment Fundamentals I: Liquid Treatment. 1st ed., Water Environment Federation, 2018."]
[]
[]
[null,"Sampling Equipment Examples "]
[null,"Alkalinity test strips"]
[null,"Ammonia test strips"]
[null,"Multi-parameter field test kit"]
[null,"Portable DO meter"]
[null,"Stationary DO probe"]
[null,"Sludge judge"]
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[null,"Equipment Vendors"]
[]
[null,"https://www.usabluebook.com/default.aspx"]
[null,"https://www.hach.com/"]
[null,"https://www.ysi.com/"]
[null,"https://www.chemetrics.com/"]
[]
[null,"For Additional Infromation or Questions Contact:"]
[null,"Ted Flatebo (he/him)"]
[null,"Environmental Engineer"]
[null,"Water Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Branch"]
[null,"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5"]
[null,"77 W. Jackson Blvd. (ECW-15J) Chicago, IL 60604"]
[null,"Phone: 312-886-9402 "]
[null,"Email: Flatebo.Ted@epa.gov "]
[]
[null,"Mike Beck"]
[null,"Environmental Scientist"]
[null,"Certified Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator: California|Virginia"]
[null,"Eastern Research Group, Inc."]
[null,"14555 Avion Parkway, Suite 200, Chantilly, VA 20151"]
[null,"Phone: (703) 633-1614  "]
[null,"Email: Mike.Beck@erg.com"]