Science & Technology
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Lists of Stressors from Monitoring Studies
An overview of stressors from studies
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Figure: Symptoms
Figure 3-11 illustrates the concept of looking at symptoms of the fish to determine what the impairment might be.
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The Case of DDT: Revisiting the Impairment
This page is an example or case study showing how the identification of DDT and it's subsequent ban had a positive impact on the reproduction of birds. This is an excellent example of causal analysis with a positive outcome.
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Stressor-Response Relationships from Laboratory Studies
This page shows how to derive the cause using the evidence from laboratory studies.
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Explanation of Evidence
This page illustrates and explains how to evaluate whether there is a reasonable explanation for inconsistent evidence.
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Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence
This page shows how to derive and evaluate evidence of spatial/temporal co-occurrence.
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Figure: Verified Predictions
Figure 3-10 illustrates the concept of using experience and knowledge to verify hypothesis' which can help to strengthen the case too.
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Step 1. Define the Case
This page provides an overview of Step 1, defining the case, including more detail of Step 1, examples and the expected output of Step 1, defining the case.
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Laboratory Tests of Site Media
This page show how to derive and evaluate evidence from laboratory tests of site media.
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Step 4. Evaluate Data from Elsewhere
This page includes an overview, details and expected output from Step 4: Evaluate Data from Elsewhere.
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Tips for Listing Candidate Causes
An overview for listing candidate causes
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Stressor-Response Relationships from the Field
This page shows how to derive and evaluate evidence of stressor-response relationships from the field.
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Mechanistically Plausible Cause
This page explain how to derive and evaluate evidence as a plausible mechanism.
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Evidence of Exposure or Biological Mechanism
This page shows how to derive and evaluate evidence of exposure or biological mechanism.
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Consistency of Evidence
This page shows how when the confidence in the argument for or against a candidate cause is increased even when many types of evidence consistently support or weaken it.
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Figures: Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence
Figures 3-1a through Figure 3-3b illustrate the concept of Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence
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Example Annotated Conceptual Model Diagram
Step 5 makes use of an annotated conceptual diagram, shown on this page, to complete the assessment.
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Verified Predictions
This page shows how to derive and evaluate evidence of a verified prediction.
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Figure: Explanation of Inconsistent Evidence
This page includes a more detailed explanation about the Figure 5-1 illustration from Volume 1.
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About Diagnosing Causes
This page is about how to diagnose causes and gives some examples to help risk assessors.