Drinking Water Distribution Systems

This is a diagram that represents the water treatment plant, and the storage tank and mains that carry water to a residential area. Not shown on the diagram, but noted is that pumps and valves are located at a variety of locations throughout the distribution system.

Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected series of components. They include:

pipes
storage facilities
components that convey drinking water

Water distribution systems meet fire protection needs for:

cities
homes
schools
hospitals
businesses
industries
other facilities

Public water systems depend on distribution systems to provide an uninterrupted supply of pressurized safe drinking water to all consumers. Distribution system mains carry water from either:

the treatment plant to the consumer; or
the source to the consumer when treatment is absent.

Distribution systems span almost one million miles in the United States. They represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies. Distribution system wear and tear can pose intermittent or persistent health risks.

Water quality and the distribution system

New pipes are added to distribution systems as development occurs. The additions result in a wide variation in:

Pipe sizes
Materials
Methods of construction
Age within individual distribution systems and across the nation

As these systems age, deterioration can occur due to corrosion, materials erosion, and external pressures. Deteriorating water distribution systems can lead to:

Breaches in pipes and storage facilities
Intrusion due to water pressure fluctuation
Main breaks

Documents about distribution system problems and recommendations on reducing risk

Read the support documents:

Protecting water quality in distribution systems

The following EPA drinking water regulations pertain to distribution systems:

Surface Water Treatment Rules (disinfectant residual and sanitary survey requirements)
Stage 1 and 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPR) (monitoring for DBPs in the distribution system)
Ground Water Rule (sanitary surveys)
Total Coliform Rule (monitoring for bacterial contamination in distribution systems)

Cross Connection Control Manual

This Cross-Connection Control Manual has been designed as a tool for:

Health officials
Waterworks personnel
Plumbers
Any others involved directly or indirectly in water supply and distribution systems

It is intended to be used for educational, administrative, and technical reference in conducting cross-connection control programs.

Read the Cross-Connection Control Manual