Hazardous Waste Combustors: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

On this page:

• Rule Summary
• Rule History
• Additional Resources
• Compliance

Rule Summary

EPA sets national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for hazardous waste combustors (HWCs): hazardous waste burning incinerators, cement kilns, lightweight aggregate kilns, industrial/commercial/institutional boilers and process heaters, and hydrochloric acid production furnaces. EPA has identified HWCs as major sources of hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions. These standards implement section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) by requiring hazardous waste combustors to meet HAP emission standards reflecting the performance of the maximum achievable control technology (MACT).

Rule History

5/29/2026 - Final Residual Risk and Technology Review

10/28/2025 - Proposed Rule (2025 RTR)

09/04/2024 - Extension of Comment Period

07/12/2024 - Proposed Amendments (89 FR 59867)

10/28/2008 – Final Rule; reconsideration (73 FR 64068)

04/08/2008 – Final Rule (73 FR 18970)

09/27/2007 – Solicitation of Comment on Legal Analysis (72 FR 54875)

10/25/2006 – Final Rule (71 FR 62388)

09/06/2006 – Proposed Rule (Reconsideration of Final Rule 71 FR 52624)

03/23/2006 – Proposed Rule (71 FR 14665)  & Administrative Stay (71 FR 14655)

12/19/2005 – Proposed Rule (70 FR 75096) & Direct Final Rule (70 FR 75042)

10/12/2005 – Final Rule (70 FR 59402)

04/20/2004 – Proposed Rule (69 FR 21198)

12/19/2002 – Technical Correction (67 FR 77687)

02/14/2002 – Final Amendments Rule (67 FR 6968)

02/13/2002 – Interim Standards Rule (67 FR 6792)

12/06/2001 – Emergency Extension of the Compliance Date for Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors; Final Rule (66 FR 63313)

11/16/2001 – Proposed Settlement Agreement (66 FR 57715)

10/15/2001 – Withdrawal of Final Rule (66 FR 52361)

07/03/2001 – Proposed Amendments (66 FR 35126)

07/03/2001 – Proposed Rule (66 FR 35124) & Final Rule (66 FR 35087)

05/14/2001 – Final Rule; Implementation of Court Orders (66 FR 24270)

11/09/2000 – Final Rule; Interpretive Clarification and Technical Correction (65 FR 67268)

07/10/2000 – Final Rule; Technical Correction (65 FR 42292)

06/27/2000 – Notice of Data Availability (65 FR 39581)

11/19/1999 – Final Rule; Technical Corrections (64 FR 63209)

09/30/1999 – Final Rule (64 FR 52828)

06/19/1998 – Final Rule—Part 1: Permit Modifications for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units (63 FR 33782)

04/19/1996 – Proposed Rule (61 FR 17358)

Additional Resources

Compliance

Applicability Determination Index (ADI).  The ADI is maintained by EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) and provides a data base of memoranda dealing with applicability issues.  The database is searchable by Subpart.