Regulatory Impact Analyses for Air Pollution Regulations

As required under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563, EPA develops Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) to support the development of national air pollution regulations. RIAs contain descriptions of the potential social benefits and social costs of a regulation, including those that cannot be quantified in monetary terms and a determination of the potential net benefits of the rule including an evaluation of the effects that are not monetarily quantified. Typically, an RIA is structured similarly to an EIA, except that a benefits analysis of the rule is included along with an estimation of the net benefits. RIA documents are listed below, organized by:

On this page:

Sector Regulations
Air Pollution Transport Rules
New Source Review (NSR) Permitting Actions
Visibility Rules
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Guidance Relevant to Preparing RIAs

RIAs for Sector Regulations

Below is a list of RIAs organized by the industry sector or source category sector for which they were developed. The RIAs are available in PDF format and can be downloaded by clicking on the links below.

Crosscutting Rulemaking and Guidance	Date
Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, Final(349 pp, 4.5 MB)	09/2020
Reclassification of Major Sources as Area Sources under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, Proposal(305 pp, 4.3 MB)	05/2019

Chemical Manufacturing	Date
Mercury Cell Chlor Alkali Plants NESHAP, Proposal(116 pp, 1 MB)	11/2010
Synthetic Organic Chemical Industry NESHAP, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(169 pp, 7.5 MB)	03/1994

Coke Ovens	Date
Coke Ovens NESHAP, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(167 pp, 8.4 MB)	11/1992

Gasoline Distribution Industry	Date
Gasoline Distribution Industry NESHAP and NSPS, Proposal(177 pp, 2.5 MB)	06/2022

Industrial/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers	Date
ICI Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Reconsideration Proposal(56 pp, 572 KB)	06/2020
ICI Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Reconsideration Final(262 pp, 5 MB)	12/2012
ICI Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Reconsideration Proposal(259 pp, 8 MB)	02/2012
ICI Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Final(251 pp, 5 MB)	02/2011
ICI Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Proposal(232 pp, 4 MB)	04/2010
Industrial Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP, Final(282 pp, 3 MB)	02/2004

Nonmetallic Minerals	Date
Brick and Structural Clay Products NESHAP, Final(124 pp, 1 MB)	07/2015
Brick and Structural Clay Products NESHAP, Proposal(112 pp, 2 MB)	07/2014
Portland Cement Manufacturing NESHAP and NSPS, Final Amendments(174 pp, 3 MB)	08/2010
Portland Cement Manufacturing NESHAP, Proposal(115 pp, 2 MB)	04/2009

Nonroad Mobile	Date
Nonroad Diesel Engines, Final(1,568 pp, 17 MB)	05/2004

Oil and Natural Gas Production	Date
Oil and Gas NSPS EG Climate Review, Proposal(214 pp, 4.1 MB)	10/2021
Review and Reconsideration of the Oil and Natural Gas Sector Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources, Final(175 pp, 1.5 MB)	08/2020
Oil and Natural Gas Review, Proposal(101 pp, 2 MB)	08/2019
Oil and Natural Gas NSPS Reconsideration, Proposal(110 pp, 2 MB)	09/2018
Oil and Natural Gas, Stay of Certain Requirements, Proposal(23 pp, 572 K)	10/2017
Oil and Natural Gas Industry NSPS, Final(196 pp, 3 MB)	05/2016
Oil and Natural Gas NSPS, Proposal(208 pp, 3 MB)	08/2015
Oil and Natural Gas Industry NESHAP and NSPS, Final and Amendments(224 pp, 3 MB)	04/2012
Oil and Natural Gas Industry NESHAP and NSPS, Proposal and Amendments(204 pp, 3 MB)	07/2011

Petroleum Refineries	Date
Petroleum Refineries NSPS, Final(121 pp, 1 MB)	06/2012
Petroleum Refineries NSPS, Final(144 pp, 2 MB)	04/2008
Petroleum Refineries NESHAP, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(224 pp, 10 MB)	08/1995

Primary Metals	Date
Manganese Ferroalloys RTR, Proposal(80 pp, 826 K)	11/2011

Pulp and Paper	Date
Pulp and Paper NESHAP, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(499 pp, 1.2 MB)	10/1997

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines	Date
Existing Stationary Spark Ignition (SI) RICE NESHAP, Reconsideration(158 pp, 3 MB)	01/2013
Existing Stationary Compression Ignition (CI) Engines NESHAP, Reconsideration(164 pp, 2 MB)	01/2013
Existing Stationary Compression Ignition (CI) Engines NESHAP, Proposed Reconsideration(167 pp, 3 MB)	05/2012
Existing Stationary Spark Ignition RICE NESHAP, Proposed Reconsideration(159 pp, 3 MB)	05/2012
Existing Stationary Spark Ignition RICE NESHAP, Final(185 pp, 3 MB)	08/2010
Existing Stationary Compression Ignition RICE NESHAP, Final(147 pp, 3 MB)	02/2010
Existing Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines NESHAP, Proposal(136 pp, 2 MB)	02/2009
Stationary Spark Ignition (SI) NSPS and NESHAP, Final(54 pp, 440 K)	12/2007
Stationary Compression Ignition (CI) NSPS, Final(69 pp, 498 K)	06/2006
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines NESHAP, Final(247 pp, 2 MB)	02/2004

Transportation Manufacturing	Date
Auto Mfg NESHAP, Final(130 pp, 891 K)	02/2004

Utilities	Date
Analysis of Potential Costs and Benefits for the “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units – Subcategory of Certain Existing Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Firing Eastern Bituminous Coal Refuse for Emissions of Acid Gas Hazardous Air Pollutants", Final(37 pp, 1 MB)	04/2020
Repeal of the Clean Power Plan, and the Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Existing Electric Utility Generating Units, Final(248 pp, 3.7 MB)	06/2019
Memo: Compliance Cost, HAP Benefits, and Ancillary Co-Pollutant Benefits for “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Coal-and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units -- Reconsideration of Supplemental Finding and Residual Risk and Technology Review”, Proposal(6 pp, 203 K)	12/2018
Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Existing Electric Utility Generating Units; Revisions to Emission Guideline Implementing Regulations; Revisions to New Source Review Program, Proposal(289 pp, 5.4 MB)	08/2018
Review of the Clean Power Plan, Proposal(198 pp, 1.3 MB)	10/2017
Clean Power Plan Rule, Final(343 pp, 5 MB)	08/2015
GHGs from Existing Electric Utility Generating Units, Federal Plan Requirements, Proposal(85 pp, 1 MB)	08/2015
NSPS for GHGs from New Electric Utility Generating Units, Final(164 pp, 3 MB)	08/2015
Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines, Supplemental Proposal(51 pp, 701 K)	10/2014
Carbon Pollution Guidelines for Existing Power Plants and Emission Standards for Modified and Reconstructed Power Plants, Proposal(376 pp, 5 MB)	06/2014
NSPS for GHGs from New Electric Utility Generating Units, Proposal(138 pp, 2 MB)	09/2013
NSPS for GHGs from New Electric Utility Generating Units, Proposal(108 pp, 2 MB)	03/2012
Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, Final(510 pp, 10 MB)	12/2011
Utility MACT and NSPS, Toxics Rule, Proposal(469 pp, 16 MB)	03/2011
Clean Air Mercury Rule, Final(570 pp, 11 MB)	03/2005

Waste Treatment and Disposal	Date
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills NSPS, Final(225 pp, 2 MB)	07-2016
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills NSPS, Proposal(180 pp, 2 MB)	08/2015
Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Reconsideration Final(151 pp, 3 MB)	12/2012
Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Proposal(6 pp, 533 K)	03/2012
Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Final(143 pp, 3 MB)	02/2011
Sewage Sludge Incineration Units, NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Cost and Benefit Changes Since Proposal(180 pp, 2 MB)	01/2011
Sewage Sludge Incineration Units NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Proposal(176 pp, 3 MB)	09/2010
Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units NSPS and Emissions Guideline, Final(155 pp, 3 MB)	04/2010
Hospital and Medical Waste Incinerators, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(78 pp, 3.7 MB)	07/1997
Municipal Waste Combustors, Revision and Update (contact us for a copy of this document)(113 pp, 5.2 MB)	11/1990

Wood Heaters	Date
Supplemental RIA for New Residential Wood Heaters, Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces, Proposal(22 pp, 456 K)	11/2018
Residential Wood Heaters NSPS Revision, Final(203 pp, 3 MB)	02/2015
Residential Wood Heaters NSPS, Proposed Revision(219 pp, 3 MB)	01/2014

Wood Products Manufacturing	Date
Plywood NESHAP, Final(179 pp, 2 MB)	02/2004

RIAs for Air Pollution Transport Regulations

Below is a list of RIAs for Air Pollution Transport regulations. The RIAs are available in PDF format and can be downloaded by clicking on the links below.

Air Pollution Transport	Date
FIP Addressing Regional Ozone Transport for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS, Proposal(306 pp, 6 MB)	02/2022
Addendum to the RIA: Monetizing Climate Benefits for the Proposed FIP (pdf) (13 pp, 331 K)	03/2022
Revised Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update for the 2008 O3 NAAQS, Final(224 pp, 2.6 MB)	03/2021
Revised Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update for the 2008 O3 NAAQS, Proposal(231 pp, 3 MB)	10/2020
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update for the 2008 O3 NAAQS, Final(207 pp, 3 MB)	09/2016
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update, Proposal(231 pp, 3 MB)	11/2015
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), Final(414 pp, 8 MB)	06/2011
Federal Transport Rule, Proposal(393 pp, 6 MB)	06/2010
Clean Air Interstate Rule, Final(421 pp, 5 MB)	03/2005
Section 126 Petition Rule, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(310 pp, 18 MB)	12/1999
NOx SIP Call, FIP, and Section 126 Petitions, Vol2, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(186 pp, 4.5 MB)	12/1998
NOx SIP Call, FIP, and Section 126 Petitions, Vol1, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(197 pp, 8.7 MB)	09/1998
Ozone Transport Rule, Supplemental Proposal (contact us for a copy of this document)(82 pp, 590 MB)	04/1998

RIAs for New Source Review (NSR) Permitting Actions

Below is a list of RIAs for New Source Review (NSR) Permitting actions. The RIAs are available in PDF format and can be downloaded by clicking on the links below.

NSR Permitting	Date
GHG Tailoring Rule, Final(230 pp, 2 MB)	05/2010
GHG Tailoring Rule, Proposal(157 pp, 2 MB)	09/2009
Operating Permits Rule, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(50 pp, 2.0 MB)	06/1992

RIAs for Visibility Rules

Below is a list of RIAs for Visibility regulations. The RIAs are available in PDF format and can be downloaded by clicking on the links below.

Visibility Rules	Date
Visibility Rule and BART for Regional Haze, Final(469 pp, 5 MB)	06/2005
Regional Haze Rule, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(269 pp, 901 K)	04/1999

RIAs for National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)

Below is a list of RIAs for National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). As it does with all major rules, EPA conducts benefits and costs analyses of each proposed or revised NAAQS. These regulatory impact analyses are designed to inform the public and state, local, and tribal governments about the potential costs and benefits of implementing these important air quality standards. NAAQS RIAs are not a part of the standard selection process. The NAAQS RIAs are available in PDF format and can be downloaded by clicking on the links below.

NAAQS - Ozone (O3)	Date
O3 NAAQS, Final(480 pp, 11 MB)	09/2015
O3 NAAQS, Proposal(575 pp, 15 MB)	11/2014
O3 NAAQS, Proposal(89 pp, 2 MB)	11/2009
O3 NAAQS, Final(558 pp, 13 MB)	03/2008
O3 NAAQS, Proposal(364 pp, 5 MB)	07/2007
O3 PM NAAQS, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(741 pp, 4.8 MB)	07/1997
O3 NAAQS, Proposal (contact us for a copy of this document)(450 pp, 27 MB)	12/1996

NAAQS - Particulate Matter (PM)	Date
PM NAAQS, Final(474 pp, 11 MB)	12/2012
PM NAAQS, Proposal(522 pp, 7 MB)	06/2012
PM NAAQS, Final(733 pp, 13 MB)	10/2006
O3 and PM NAAQS, Final (contact us for a copy of this document)(741 pp, 4.8 MB)	07/1997
PM NAAQS, Proposal (contact us for a copy of this document)(366 pp, 15 MB)	12/1996

NAAQS - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)	Date
NO2 NAAQS, Final(155 pp, 3 MB)	01/2010
NO2 NAAQS, Proposal(244 pp, 6 MB)	07/2009

NAAQS - Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)	Date
SO2 NAAQS, Final(189 pp, 5 MB)	06/2010
SO2 NAAQS, Proposal(168 pp, 4 MB)	11/2009

NAAQS - Lead (Pb)	Date
Lead NAAQS, Final(177 pp, 2 MB)	10/2008
Lead NAAQS, Proposal(168 pp, 2 MB)	06/2008

Guidance Relevant to Preparing RIAs

Economic Guidance Used Throughout EPA
EPA Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses
Regulatory Flexibility Act/Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act