SAM Biotoxin Methods
Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation and Recovery (SAM) provides a list of methods or procedures to be used in analyzing environmental samples for biotoxin contaminants. To support remediation activities (site assessment through clearance) following a homeland security-related contamination event. Procedures have been compiled for each biotoxin that may need to be identified and/or quantified following a contamination incident. Analytical procedures are not currently available for all the analyte-sample type combinations included in SAM. Future research needs include identification of additional methods and development and validation of the procedures listed.
Please note: SAM provides guidance for selecting biotoxin methods that have a high likelihood of assuring analytical consistency when laboratories are faced with a large scale environmental restoration crisis. Not all methods have been verified for the analyte/sample type combination listed. Please refer to the specified procedure to identify analyte/sample type combinations that have been verified. Any questions regarding information for biotoxin contaminants and/or methods should be addressed to the appropriate contact(s) listed on the Technical Contacts page of this website. See: SAM Technical Contacts.
To determine the appropriate method that is to be used on an environmental sample, locate the biotoxin of concern using the Biotoxin Methods Query page. See: Biotoxin Methods Query.
The SAM query provides access to summary information, extracted from the selected methods. Each method summary contains a table identifying the contaminants in SAM to which the method applies, a brief description of the analytical method, and a link to or source for obtaining a full version of the method. The full version of the method should be consulted prior to sample analysis.
The fitness of a method for its intended use is related to data quality objectives (DQOs) for a particular remediation activity. The tiers below have been assigned to the methods selected for each biotoxin/sample type pair to indicate a level of method usability for the specific biotoxin and sample type for which it has been selected. The assigned tiers reflect the conservative view for DQOs involving timely implementation of methods for analysis of a high number of samples (such that multiple laboratories are necessary), and appropriate QC.
Tier I: The biotoxin and sample type are both targets of the method(s). Data are available for all aspects of method performance and QC measures supporting its use without modifications.
Tier II: The biotoxin is a target of the method, and the method has been evaluated by one or more laboratories. The sample type may or may not be a target of the method, and available data and/or information regarding sample preparation indicate that analyses of similar sample types were successful. However, additional testing and/or modifications may be needed.
Tier III: The sample type is not a target of the method, and no reliable data supporting the method's fitness for its intended use are available. Data suggest, however, that the method(s) may be applicable with significant modification.
Below is a list of all selected biotoxin methods with a link to their method abstract. Due to the complexity of some tables and graphics, some of our information is not amenable to a screen reader. If you have trouble accessing information contact Amelia McCall (McCall.Amelia@epa.gov) and accommodations will be made.
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Method ID |
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High Throughput Determination of Ricinine, Abrine, and Alpha-Amanitin in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPCL/MS/MS) |
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| Determination of Cylindrospermopsin and Anatoxin-a in Ambient Freshwaters by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | |
| U.S. EPA Method EPA/600/R-17/344 | Single Laboratory Validated Method for Determination of Microcystins and Nodularin in Ambient Freshwater by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) |
| U.S. EPA Method EPA/600/R-22/033A | Protocol for Detection of Ricin Biotoxin in Environmental Samples During the Removal Phase of Response to a Contamination Incident |
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Method 544: Determination of Microcystins and Nodularins in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/ MS/MS) |
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Method 545: Determination of Cylindrospermopsin and Anatoxin-a in Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) |
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Method 546: Determination of Total Microcystins and Nodularins in Drinking Water and Ambient Water by Adda Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
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ETV Report (2004): Anthrax, Botulinum Toxin, and Ricin Immunoassay Test Strips |
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Literature Reference for Ricin (Journal of AOAC International. 2008. 91(2): 376—382) |
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Literature Reference for Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (Journal of AOAC International (2014) 97(3): 862-867) |
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Literature Reference for Botulinum neurotoxins (Analytical Biochemistry (2011) 411(2): 200-209) |
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Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture (2014) 94: 707-712 |
Literature Reference for Botulinum neurotoxins (Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture (2014) 94: 707-712) |
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Literature Reference for Brevetoxins (Toxicon (2015) 96: 82-88) |
The following links exit the site
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Method ID |
Method Title |
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Method 991.31: Aflatoxins in Corn, Raw Peanuts, and Peanut Butter. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 16th Edition. 4th Revision; Vol. II |
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Method 2007.06: VIDAS SET 2 for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Selected Foods. Journal of AOAC International. 91: 164 |
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Method 2011.27: Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in Shellfish, Receptor Binding Assay, First Action |
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Literature Reference for Domoic Acid (Journal of AOAC International (2007) 90(4): 1011-1027) |
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| Journal of AOAC International (2014) 97(2): 316-324 | Literature Reference for Domoic Acid (Journal of AOAC International (2014) 97(2): 316-324) |
| Journal of AOAC International (2017) 100(5): 1469-1482 | Literature Reference for Tetrodotoxin |
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APHA Press Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. Fifth Edition, Chapter 32:397 |
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Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science (2014) 12(1): 49-62 |
Literature Reference for Abrin (Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science (2014) 12(1): 49-62) |
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Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science (2013) 11(4): 237-250 |
Literature Reference for Ricin (Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science (2013) 11(4): 237-250) |
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Literature Reference for alpha-Amanitin, Ricin and T-2 Mycotoxin (Journal of Food Protection. 2005. 68(6): 1294—1301) |
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Literature Reference for Abrin (Journal of Food Protection. 2008. 71(9): 1868—1874) |
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Literature Reference for Abrin (Analytical Biochemistry. 2008. 378(1): 87-89) |
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2015) 63(4): 1133-1141 |
Literature Reference for Botulinum neurotoxins (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2015) 63(4): 1133-1141) |
| Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2017) 65(33): 7138-7152 | Literature Reference for Deoxynivalenol (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2017) 65(33): 7138-7152) |
| Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2017) 65(33): 7138-7152 | Literature Reference for Aflatoxins, Fumonisin, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2017) 65(33): 7138-7152) |
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Literature Reference for Cylindrospermopsin (Environmental Sciences and Technology (2010) 44: 7361-7368) |
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Literature Reference for Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) (Food Research International (2015) 72: 247-255) |
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Literature Reference for Domoic Acid (Journal of Shellfish Research (2008) 27(5): 1301-1310) |
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| Journal of Shellfish Research (2020) 39(2): 491-500 | Literature Reference for Brevetoxins (BTX) (Journal of Shellfish Research (2020) 39(2): 491-500) |
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Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis (1989) 7(3): 369-375 |
Literature Reference for Picrotoxin (Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis. 1989. 7(3): 369—375) |
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Literature Reference for Ricin (Analytical Chemistry (2011) 83: 2897-2905) |
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Literature Reference for Shiga and Shiga-Like Toxins (Analytical Chemistry (2014) 86: 4698-4706) |
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| Analytical Chemistry (2016) 88: 6867-6872 | Literature Reference for Ricin (Ricinine) (Analytical Chemistry (2016) 88: 6867-6872) |
| Analytical Chemistry (2017) 89(21): 11719-11727 | Literature Reference for Shiga and Shiga-Like Toxins (Analytical Chemistry (2017) 89(21): 11719-11727) |
| Toxins (2017) 9(9): 281 | Literature Reference for α-Conotoxins (Toxins (2017) 9(9): 281) |
| Toxins (2018) 10(11): 476 | Literature Reference for Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) (Toxins (2018) 10(11): 476) |
| Toxins (2019) 11(12): 729 | Literature Reference for Microcystins (Toxins (2019) 11(12): 729) |
| Toxins (2020) 12(2): 123 | Literature Reference for Amanitin (Toxins (2020) 12(2): 123) |
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Literature Reference for Saxitoxins (Toxicon (2009) 54: 313-320) |
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Literature Reference for Brevetoxins (Toxicon (2016) 119: 64-71) |
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Literature Reference for Saxitoxins (Harmful Algae (2016) 56: 77-90) |
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Literature Reference for Saxitoxins (Journal of Chromatography A (2015) 1387: 1-12) |
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Literature Reference for Shiga and Shiga-Like Toxins (Austin Immunology (2016) 1(2): 1007: 1-7) |
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Literature Reference for Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (Letters in Applied Microbiology (2011) 52: 468-474) |
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Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (2006) 20(9): 1422-1428 |
Literature Reference for T-2 Mycotoxin (Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (2006) 20(9): 1422-1428) |
| Inland Waters (2020) 10(1): 109-117 | Literature Reference for Anatoxin-a (Inland Waters (2020) 10(1): 109-117) |
| Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference | Literature Reference for Domoic Acid (Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference) |