Collections and Lists

Figure: Verified Predictions

Figure 3-10 illustrates the concept of using experience and knowledge to verify hypothesis' which can help to strengthen the case too.

Figures: Laboratory Tests of Site Media

Figures 3-8a and b illustrate the concept of the type of evidence "laboratory tests of site media".

Figures: Manipulation of Exposure

Figures 3-7a and 3-7b illustrates the different outcomes when you remove or don't remove the impairment.

Figure: Evidence of Exposure or Biological Mechanism

Figure 3-4 illustrates how to derive and evaluate evidence of exposure or biological mechanism.

Figures: Causal Pathway

Figures 3-5a and Figure 3-5b illustrate the concept of the Causal Pathway type of evidence that support or refute the case.

Figures: Stressor-Response Relationships from the Field

Figures 3-6a and 3-6b illustrate the concept when the impairment is more concentrated or diluted on the fish (ecosystem).

Figures: Temporal Sequence

Figures 3-9a and 3-9b, illustrate the temporal sequence type of evidence showing support and weakening the case.

Figures: Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence

Figures 3-1a through Figure 3-3b illustrate the concept of Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence

Explanation of Evidence

This page illustrates and explains how to evaluate whether there is a reasonable explanation for inconsistent evidence.

Consistency of Evidence

This page shows how when the confidence in the argument for or against a candidate cause is increased even when many types of evidence consistently support or weaken it.

Mechanistically Plausible Cause

This page explain how to derive and evaluate evidence as a plausible mechanism.

Stressor-Response Relationships from Laboratory Studies

This page shows how to derive the cause using the evidence from laboratory studies.

Step 1. Define the Case

This page provides an overview of Step 1, defining the case, including more detail of Step 1, examples and the expected output of Step 1, defining the case.

Site Map for CADDIS

This page is include as another way to help you find the pages and sections available across the 5 CADDIS volumes.

An introduction to the history of our approach to causal assessment, A chronology of causal history and philosophy, An introduction to causal history and philosophy, References for the Causal Assessment Background section of Stressor Identification

Urbanization - Wastewater Inputs

Intro to wastewater inputs associated with urbanization, overview of combined sewer overflows, overview of how wastewater inputs can contribute to enrichment or eutrophication, overview of how wastewater inputs can affect reproduction by stream fauna.

Urbanization - Physical Habitat

Introduction to physical habitat changes associated with urbanization, overview of how urbanization can lead to channel enlargement, summary of how road crossings can affect stream ecosystems, summary of how urbanization can alter streambed substrates.

Flow Alteration

Introduction to the flow alteration module, when to list flow alteration as a candidate cause, ways to measure flow alteration, simple and detailed conceptual model diagrams for flow alteration, flow alteration module references and literature reviews.

Urbanization - Cited References

This page contains the references to the urbanization module as part of the CADDIS volume on sources, stressors and responses.