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Greenhouse Gas Standards and Guidelines for Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants

Greenhouse Gas Standards and Guidelines for Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants
Basic Information
Docket Numbers
  • EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0072

On this page:

  • Rule Summary
  • Rule History
  • Additional Resources

Rule Summary

Alert
  • 03/12/2025 - Trump EPA Announces Reconsideration of Biden-Harris Rule, “Clean Power Plan 2.0”, That Prioritized Shutting Down Power Plants While Raising Costs on American Families
    • The EPA intends to issue a proposed reconsideration rule in Spring 2025 and issue a final rule by December 2025
  • Fact Sheet- Reconsideration of the Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Rule (pdf) (114.51 KB)

EPA has issued final carbon pollution standards for power plants that set carbon dioxide (CO2)  limits for new gas-fired combustion turbines and CO2 emission guidelines for existing coal, oil and gas-fired steam generating units, securing important climate benefits and protecting public health.

These rules will significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing coal-fired power plants and from new natural gas turbines, ensuring that all long-term coal-fired plants and base load new gas-fired plants control 90% of their carbon pollution. Existing coal-fired power plants are the largest source of GHGs from the power sector. New natural gas-fired combustion turbines are some of the largest new sources of GHG being built today and these final standards will ensure that they are constructed to minimize their GHG emissions. 

Consistent with EPA’s traditional approach to establishing pollution standards under the Clean Air Act, the final limits and emission guidelines are based on proven pollution control technologies that can be applied directly to power plants and can achieve substantial reductions in carbon pollution at reasonable cost. Emission guidelines for the longest-running existing coal units and performance standards for new base load combustion turbines are based on the use of carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) – an available and cost-effective control technology that can be applied directly to power plants.

EPA has evaluated the emissions reductions, benefits, and costs of the final carbon pollution standards in a Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). The RIA projects reductions of 1.38 billion metric tons of CO2 systemwide through 2047 along with tens of thousands of tons of PM2.5, SO2, and NOx – harmful air pollutants that are known to endanger public health.

Rule History

01/08/2025 - Notice of final action denying or partially denying petitions for reconsideration

04/25/2024 - Final Rule: NSPS for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units (EGUs); Emission Guidelines for GHG from Existing EGUs and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule

11/20/2023 - Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

06/16/2023 - Comment Period Extension 

05/23/2023 -  Proposed Rule:  New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units (EGUs); Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired EGUs

Additional Resources

Nonregulatory Docket

In spring 2024, EPA issued framing questions and provided a nonregulatory docket to gather input about ways to design a broad, environmentally-protective approach to GHG regulation of the entire fleet of existing gas combustion turbines in the power sector under Clean Air Act Section 111(d). EPA also held a hybrid public forum.

Supporting Information for Response to Petitions for Reconsideration 

Petitions for Reconsideration

  • Edison Electric Institute (pdf) (308.7 KB)
  • Mountain State Energy Holdings (pdf) (1.99 MB)
  • Sierra Club & EDF (pdf) (2.16 MB)

EPA Responses

  • Letter to Edison Electric Institute (pdf) (116.97 KB)
  • Letter to Mountain State Energy Holdings (pdf) (118.12 KB)
  • Enclosure: EPA's Basis for Denying, in Part or Whole, Petitions for Reconsideration (pdf) (4.92 MB)

Supporting Information for Final Rule

Find out more about the electricity you use with EPA’s Power Profiler. You can also estimate your emissions from electricity use and compare your household to others.

  • Press Release

Regulatory Impact Analysis

  • Regulatory Impact Analysis for the NSPS for GHG Emissions from New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired EGUs; Emission Guidelines for GHG Emissions from Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired EGUs and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule

Fact Sheets

  • Overview: Final Carbon Pollution Standards for Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants (pdf) (196.61 KB)
  • Standards and Regulatory Impact Analysis - Final Carbon Pollution Standards for Fossil Fuel-fired Power Plants (pdf) (186.05 KB)
  • State Plans - Final Carbon Pollution Standards for Fossil Fuel-fired Power Plants (pdf) (167.64 KB)
  • Tribes - Final Carbon Pollution Standards for Fossil Fuel-fired Power Plants (pdf) (156.22 KB)
  • Support for Reliability - Final Carbon Pollution Standards for Fossil Fuel-fired Power Plants (pdf) (162.11 KB)
  • Table of all BSER (pdf) (116.25 KB)

Presentation

  • Final Carbon Pollution Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Power Plants (pdf) (454.12 KB)

Modeling

  • Power Sector Modeling 

Final Regulatory Text

  • Subpart TTTT - Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Electric Generating Units 
  • Subpart TTTTa - Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Modified Coal-fired Steam Electric Generating Units and New Construction and Reconstruction Stationary Combustion Turbine Electric Generating Units
  • Subpart UUUUa Reserved
  • Subpart UUUUb—Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Electric Utility Generating Units

Technical Support Documents

  • Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures - Carbon Capture and Storage for Combustion Turbines
  • Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures for Steam Generating Units 2024
  • Natural Gas- and Oil-fired Steam Generating Unit
  • Power Sector Trends
  • Simple Cycle Stationary Combustion Turbine EGUs
  • Efficient Generation: Combustion Turbine Electric Generating Units
  • Resource Adequacy Analysis
  • Resource Adequacy Analysis: Vehicle Rules, Final 111 EGU Rules, ELG and MATS RTR (sensitivity case)
  • IPM Sensitivity Runs Memo (sensitivity case)

Small Entity Compliance Guide

  • Small Entity Compliance Guide for Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Modified Coal-fired Steam Electric Generating Units and New Construction and Reconstruction Stationary Combustion Turbine Electric Generating Units - 40 CFR Part 6 (pdf) (1.1 MB, Version 2.0 August 2024)

See Supporting Information for Proposed Rule (May 2023)

Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

  • Regulations
    • Industry Sector Groups
    • National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
      • Area Source Standards
      • Risk and Technology Review Status
    • New Source Performance Standards
    • Good Neighbor Plan for the 2015 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  • Small Business Assistance Program
Contact Us About Stationary Sources of Air Pollution
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Last updated on April 15, 2025
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