Tire Crumb and Synthetic Turf Field Literature and Report List as of Nov. 2015

The views expressed in all these studies and reports do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The purpose of this list is to provide the public with a list of studies and reports that have addressed the topic of tire crumb, it may not be fully up-to-date or comprehensive. Links are provided when available.

• Leaching of DOC, DN and Inorganic Constituents from Scrap Tires
  Selbes M., Yilmaz O., Khan A.A., Karanfil T. (2015). Chemosphere. 139:617-23.
• Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review
  Cheng H., Hu Y., Reinhard M. (2014). Environ Sci Technol. 48(4):2114-29. 
• Environmental Sanitary Risk Analysis Procedure Applied to Artificial Turf Sports Fields
  Ruffino et al. (2013). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.
• New Approach to the Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Artificial Outdoor Sporting Grounds
  Krüger O., Kalbe U., Richter E., Egeler P., Römbke J., Berger W. (2013). Environ Pollut. 175:69-74. 
• Artificial Turf Football Fields: Environmental and Mutagenicity Assessment
  Schilirò T., Traversi D., Degan R., Pignata C., Alessandria L., Scozia D., Bono R., Gilli G. (2013). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 64(1):1-11. 
• Bioaccessibility and Risk Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers
  Pavilonis B.T., Weisel C.P., Buckley B., Lioy P.J. (2013). Risk Anal. 
• Review of the Human Health & Ecological Safety of Exposure to Recycled Tire Rubber Found at Playgrounds and Synthetic Turf Fields 
  Cardno Chem Risk. (2013). Prepared for: Rubber Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC. 
• Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability
  ​Kim S., Yan J.Y., Kim H.H., Yeo I.Y., Shin D.C., Lim Y.W. (2012). Environ Health Toxicol. 27:e2012005.
• Zinc Leaching from Tire Crumb Rubber
  Rhodes E.P., Ren Z., Mays D.C. (2012). Environ Sci Technol. 46(23):12856-63.
• Comparison of Batch and Column Tests for the Elution of Artificial Turf System Components
  Krüger O., Kalbe U., Berger W., Nordhauβ K., Christoph G., Walzel H.P. (2012). Environ Sci Technol. 46(24):13085-92
• Design of a New Test Chamber for Evaluation of the Toxicity of Rubber Infill
  Gomes JF, Mota HI, Bordado JC, Baião M, Sarmento GM, Fernandes J, Pampulim VM, Custódio ML, Veloso I. (2011). Toxicol Mech Methods. 21(8):622-7
• Artificial-Turf Playing Fields: Contents of Metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, Inhalation Exposure to PAHs and Related Preliminary Risk Assessment
  Menichini et al. (2011). Sci Total Environ. 409(23):4950-7.
• Human Health Risk Assessment of Synthetic Turf Fields Based Upon Investigation of Five Fields in Connecticut
  Ginsberg et al. (2011). J Toxicol Environ Health A. 74(17):1150-74.
• Synthetic Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut
  Simcox et al. (2011). J Toxicol Environ Health A. 74(17):1133-49.
• Benzothiazole Toxicity Assessment in Support of Synthetic Turf Field Human Health Risk Assessment 
  Ginsberg et al. (2011). J Toxicol Environ Health A. 74(17):1175-83.
• Hydroxypyrene in Urine of Football Players After Playing on Artificial Sports Fields with Tire Crumb Infill
  Van Rooij and Jongeneelen. (2010). Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 83(1):105-10.
• Risk Assessment of Artificial Turf Fields
  Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. (2010). Connecticut Departments of Public Health and Environmental Protection and the Connecticut Agricultural Research Station.
• Toxicological Assessment of Coated Versus Uncoated Rubber Granulates Obtained from Used Tires for Use in Sport Facilities 
  Gomes et al. (2010). J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 60(6):741-6. 
• Characterization of Substances Released from Crumb Rubber Material Used on Artificial Turf Fields
  Li et al. (2010). Chemosphere. 80(3):279-85.
• Evaluating and Regulating Lead in Synthetic Turf
  Gregory Van Ulirsch, Kevin Gleason, Shawn Gerstenberger, Daphne B. Moffett, Glenn Pulliam, Tariq Ahmed, Jerald Fagliano. (2010). Environ Health Perspect. 118(10): 1345–1349.
• Safety Study of Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made from Recycled Tires: Measurements of Chemicals and Particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and Skin Abrasions Caused by Contact with the Surface
  California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. (2010). Prepared for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery.
• A Scoping-Level Field Monitoring Study of Synthetic Turf Fields and Playgrounds
  Highsmith R., Thomas K.W., Williams R.W. (2009). EPA/600/R-09/135. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
• Synthetic Turf: Health Debate Takes Root
  Claudio L. (2008). Environ Health Perspect 116(3): A116–A122. 
• Artificial Turf: Safe or Out on Ball Fields Around the World
  Lioy P., Weisel C. (2008). Editorial. J of Expos Anal Environ Epidem. 18:533-534
• Hazardous Chemicals in Synthetic Turf Materials and their Bioaccessibility in Digestive Fluids
  Zhang et al. (2008). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 18(6):600-7.
• Mapping, Emissions and Environmental and Health Assessment of Chemical Substances in Artificial Turf 
  Nilsson N.H., Malmgren-Hansen B., Thomsen U.S. (2008). Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Protection Agency.
• Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playgrounds and Track Products
  California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. (2007). Prepared for the California Integrated Waste Management Board.
• Incorvia Mattina M.J., Isleyen M., Berger W., Ozdemir S. (2007). The Connecticut Agricultural Research Station, New Haven, CT.
• Artificial Turf: Exposures to Ground-Up Rubber Tires - Athletic Fields - Playgrounds - Gardening Mulch 
  Environment & Human Health Inc. (2007).
• Environmental and Health Evaluation of the Use of Elastomer Granulates (Virgin and from Used Tyres) as Filling in Third-Generation Artificial Turf  
  Moretto. (2007). France, ALIAPUR in partnership with Fieldturf Tarkett and the ADEME (Environmental French Agency). 
• A Case Study of Tire Crumb Use on Playgrounds: Risk Analysis and Communication When Major Clinical Knowledge Gaps Exists
  Anderson et al. (2006). Environ Health Perspect.114(1):1-3.
• A Survey of Microbial Populations in Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields  
  McNitt A.S., Petrunak D., Serensits T. (2006). Penn State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Science. 
• Artificial Turf Pitches: An Assessment of Health Risks for Football Players and the Environment  
  Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Radium Hospital. (2006). Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 
• Measurement of Air Pollution in Indoor Artificial Turf Halls  
  Dye C., Bjerke A, Schmidbauer N., Mano S. (2006). Norwegian Pollution Control Authority/Norwegian Institute for Air Research, State Programme for Pollution Monitoring.
• Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assessment of Tire Crumb for Use in Public Playgrounds
  Birkholz et al. (2003). J Air Waste Manag, 53:903-07.