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Nuclear Submarines and Aircraft Carriers

Radiation Facts
  • Heat from powered nuclear reactors makes the steam needed to power some submarines and aircraft carriers in the United States fleet.
  • When a nuclear vessel is taken out of service, the federal government disposes of and monitors its radioactive parts.

Some of the submarines and aircraft carriers in the United States fleet are powered by nuclear reactors.

On this page:
  • About Nuclear Submarines and Aircraft Carriers
  • What you can do
  • Where to learn more


About Nuclear Submarines and Aircraft Carriers 

In 1954, the Navy launched the first submarine that used radioactive material as a power source. Its name was the USS Nautilus and it was the first submarine to travel to the North Pole in 1958. Before then, submarines used diesel engines and had to go into port for fuel. Nuclear power allowed submarines to run for about twenty years without needing to refuel. Food supplies became the only limit on a nuclear submarine’s time at sea. Since then, similar technologies have been developed to power aircraft carriers.

The USS John Warner, a nuclear powered submarine, prepares for its christening in 2014.
The USS John Warner, a nuclear powered submarine, prepares for its christening in 2014.
Source: U.S. Navy

Nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers are powered by onboard nuclear reactors. Atoms in the nuclear reactor split, which releases energy as heat. This heat is used to create high-pressured steam. The steam turns propulsion turbines that provide the power to turn the propeller. Additional turbines also make electricity for the ship. As the steam cools and condenses back into water, the water is directed back through the system, and the process starts again.

The nuclear reactor compartment is shielded to protect the crew from the radiation released by the reactor and crew access is prohibited during reactor operation. Reactor engineers wear radiation monitors that are checked regularly. They follow strict safety procedures, work in shifts and carefully plan the work to limit radiation exposure.

The USS Carl Vinson, an aircraft carrier powered by two nuclear reactors, is docked near San Diego, California
The USS Carl Vinson, an aircraft carrier powered by two nuclear reactors, is docked near San Diego, California.
Source: U.S. Navy

When the nuclear reactors used to power submarines and aircraft carriers are disposed of, the Department of Defense maintains and monitors the radioactive parts. When submarine and aircraft carrier nuclear reactors are no longer being used, the compartments are shipped to the final disposal site on barges. During shipment, the Coast Guard or the Navy will provide an escort vessel to ensure the security of the barge. The Coast Guard may periodically inspect the barges. The Navy must comply with Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations when shipping the reactor compartments. Radiation levels must not exceed DOT limits. These limits are in place to protect workers, the public and the environment while shipping and managing the reactor compartments and components. The Department of Energy (DOE) disposes of some types of contaminated reactor parts from nuclear vessels at the Hanford facility in Washington State. These contaminated reactor parts are stored in specially designed waste storage cells.

What You Can Do

  • Respect safety zones. Safety zones are often established around contaminated sites. These zones limit public access to hazardous materials. The people working inside of the safety zone are trained professionals who are educated in safety procedures and potential hazards. Radiation safeguards for nuclear vessels are extremely thorough and strict. There is no reason civilians should ever encounter any exposure risk from nuclear submarines or the disposal sites that store the dismantled reactor compartments.

Where to Learn More

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), United States Navy

The Navy operates all nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers. The Navy is in charge of proper disposal of nuclear vessels that are no longer used. The nuclear fuel is removed from the reactor and sent to the Naval Reactors Facility in Idaho for processing. The nuclear reactor compartments are cut out, carefully sealed and taken to an approved disposal site. After the vessel's hazardous materials are properly removed and disposed of, the ships are stored at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington. They are eventually cut up and the various metals are recycled.

For more information about the Naval Reactors Facility, please visit the Naval Nuclear Laboratory’s website.

For more information about submarines and aircraft carriers (surface ships), please visit the U.S. Navy's Fact Files. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Superfund Program

The EPA’s Superfund program is the federal government's hazardous waste cleanup program. Hanford, Washington, where contaminated nuclear vessel parts are housed, is a Superfund site. The EPA, the DOE, and the State of Washington developed an action plan addressing Superfund and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) issues at the Hanford site.

Clean-up Process
This site provides links that define the steps the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Superfund program takes to clean up contaminated sites.            

Superfund Community Involvement
This webpage provides information on Superfund’s community involvement.

The States

Oregon’s Department of Energy works with the Navy to ensure the safe passage of barges carrying nuclear waste. Washington State’s Department of Ecology, Nuclear Waste Program works to oversee all Hanford nuclear waste activities.

Naval Nuclear Transport
Oregon Department of Energy 
This webpage provides information on transport of decommissioned Naval nuclear reactors.

Nuclear Waste
State of Washington, Department of Ecology
This site provides information on the Hanford program and other Washington state Nuclear Waste programs.

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Last updated on May 3, 2023
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