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Combined Sewer Overflow Smart Sewers - layout

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Many wastewater utilities are using smart sewer technologies, such as real-time monitoring, modeling, data processing and analytics, and artificial intelligence/machine learning. These technologies increase the amount of useful data available and improve a utility’s ability to leverage analytics and make decisions. In turn, utilities can maximize infrastructure performance, maximize resources, comply with regulatory requirements, and meet public and environmental health goals.

Smart sewer technologies can also help show where climate change impacts are most noticeable and potentially damaging and help utilities prepare and become more resilient.

Developing Smart Sewers

There is no single approach to developing smart sewers. Utilities can integrate the technology that best fits their system type, utility size, and performance goals. For example, some utilities might prefer to start small, using technology that is compatible with existing skillsets and resources to target recurring system challenges or failures. Others, such as utilities that manage large, complex systems, may gain more from wide-scale technology implementation.

Another key consideration is return on investment, which can vary from utility to utility. Smart sewers and associated components are not necessarily off-the-shelf products. Design, installation, and implementation costs vary greatly depending on needs and application. Different types of hardware (e.g., sensors, controls) also need to be configured with existing system infrastructure, software systems, and databases to create smart sewers.

A wide variety of smart sewer technology is available, and much of it has been used in water and wastewater applications for years. Explore the case studies below to see how different utilities have implemented smart sewer technologies and saved millions of dollars.

Tailoring Smart Sewer Investments

Tailoring Smart Sewer Investments

Hawthorne, California, operates a small sewer system southeast of the Los Angeles Airport. It installed real-time remote sensors across about 2.5 percent of the sewer system (about 50 manholes). The sensors wirelessly connect to an analytics tool that allows the utility to see increasing water levels inside the system pipelines in real time. Since installing the system, the city has saved an estimated $2 million in fines and mitigation costs related to sewer overflows.

Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District in Kentucky implemented a system-wide smart sewer system. It installed real-time controls (RTCs) to optimize wastewater conveyance, storage, release, and transfer based on available system capacity. Optimization through RTCs has minimized overflows and relieved stress on the treatment system. As a result, the district has reduced combined sewer overflows by 1 billion gallons annually and saved about $117 million from the original long-term control plan estimate of $200 million (a 58 percent reduction in capital investment).

Using Real-Time Controls to Optimize Operations

Using Real-Time Controls to Optimize Operations

South Bend, Indiana, installed 120 smart sensors and actuators that trade available conveyance capacity in real time, like a commodities market, to avoid flooding and overflows. Since implementing its smart sewer program, South Bend has saved about $1.5 million in annual operating and maintenance costs and $500 million in avoided capital improvements. The program has also eliminated dry weather overflows and reduced combined sewer overflow volumes by more than 70 percent, or roughly 1 billion gallons per year. E. coli concentrations in the receiving water have also dropped by more than 50 percent on average, improving the water quality.

Harmonizing Combined Sewer Operations

Harmonizing Combined Sewer Operations

The Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (MSDGC) in Ohio operates a sewer system with more than 200 combined sewer overflow outfalls. MSDGC implemented real time controls (RTCs) at strategic locations in the sewer system, but then needed to choreograph these RTCs with the conditions and capacity at the wastewater treatment plant. MSDGC implemented a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system to create synergy among all of the utility components and maximize conveyance and treatment capabilities. Since the program was implemented, overflow volumes have dropped by 247 million gallons annually. MSDGC has achieved combined sewer overflow mitigation and saved tens of millions of dollars in capital investments.

Tackling Flow Problems in Critical Areas

Tackling Flow Problems in Critical Areas

After Grand Rapids, Michigan, separated its sewer system, it needed to address inflow/infiltration into the newly separated sanitary sewers to avoid overflows. An initial estimate to solve the problem was $1 billion. To investigate other options, the utility deployed a sensor network of 90 flow meters and 10 rain gauges to collect real-time data from the service area. The data were then analyzed using an integrated real-time decision support system (RTDSS) to predict how the system would perform with various cost-efficient improvements to existing infrastructure. The RTDSS allowed Grand Rapids to address the inflow/infiltration problem at critical areas for $30–$50 million as opposed to the original $1 billion estimate.

Taking the Guesswork Out of Wet Weather Events

Taking the Guesswork Out of Wet Weather Events

During heavy rainfalls, the aging combined sewers in Evansville, Indiana, often overflowed. To address the problem, the city built a real-time decision support system (RTDSS) using sensor networks, real-time monitoring, and artificial intelligence. Operators can now see the available capacity at the wastewater treatment plant up to an hour in advance along with recommended pumping rates. Thanks to the RTDSS, Evansville has reduced combined sewer overflows by more than 100 million gallons annually. Evansville estimates that achieving this reduction cost $0.01 per gallon per year with the smart technology and would have cost $0.23 per gallon without it—a savings of 95 percent.

Getting Stormwater Smart in Beckley

Getting Stormwater Smart in Beckley

Smart controls helped Beckley, West Virginia, address a long-standing stormwater flooding problem and save millions of dollars in the process. Before the city employed the smart technology, stormwater overwhelmed the conveyance system and flooded a state highway about five times a year. The city built a detention pond to help address the issue, but it reduced the flooding only slightly. Beckley then implemented smart technology to continuously monitor and control flows in the system. The smart system eliminated the flooding and the need to invest in costly conveyance upgrades. Beckley estimates that achieving this reduction cost $0.02 per gallon per year with the smart technology and would have cost $0.36 per gallon without it—a savings of 94 percent.

A Smart Way to Improve Storage Capacity

A Smart Way to Improve Storage Capacity

Fort Wayne, Indiana, sought to reduce combined sewer overflows by building five satellite storage facilities along the St. Joseph River—at a cost of more than $23 million. But then the city’s robust monitoring system revealed another solution. The city found it could increase its holding system capacity by raising and lowering the weir at the St. Joseph diversion structure at precise times based on flow volumes. Operators can perform this largely manual process in near real time using the city’s data management dashboard, which receives data directly from a network of flow meters, depth gauges, and rain gauges. This solution has eliminated the need for additional storage facilities and saved the city $18 million.

Cutting Cleaning Time and Costs

Cutting Cleaning Time and Costs

Smart technology has helped La Mesa, California, retain a rigorous preventive maintenance cleaning routine while cutting costs and improving productivity. Before the city turned to a smart solution, technicians cleaned the entire collection system each year along with nearly 100 “hot spots.” This gave them less time for other preventive tasks. To better pinpoint where cleaning was really needed, the city embarked on a pilot project using real-time, remote monitors to assess site conditions. The city cleaned 12 times during the pilot—an 80 percent reduction from its prior schedule. The real-time remote monitors saved more than $19,000 and enabled staff to focus on other maintenance needs to help prevent sanitary sewer overflows.

Reducing Flooding with Forecast-Driven Technology

Reducing Flooding with Forecast-Driven Technology

Ormond Beach, Florida, is on the hurricane-vulnerable east coast of Florida, in an area with five interconnected lakes. To maximize flood control for the area and improve climate resiliency, the city is using continuous monitoring and adaptive control (CMAC) technology. A cloud-based software platform collects data from the local weather forecast and four water level monitoring stations. The technology processes these data in real time, and the cloud platform sends commands through a cellular network to set pump discharge rates. The city used CMAC to discharge about 70 acre-feet of storage from the lake system before Hurricane Irma hit in 2017—which prevented flooding of nearby roads and property. The optimization cost was $200,000, compared to an estimated $8 million the city would otherwise have spent to increase capacity with additional pump stations.

Optimizing Flow and Funds in Delaware

Optimizing Flow and Funds in Delaware

Since the 1990s, Wilmington, Delaware, has been implementing a series of projects to reduce combined sewer overflows and increase the flow intercepted at the wastewater treatment plant. One of the city’s key projects was the installation of a systemwide real-time control (RTC) solution. The RTC system enables operators to optimize flow conveyance, storage, release, and transfer based on available capacity in the entire system. The RTC project involved retrofitting four flow control stations, which are linked to a central station via a telemetry system. With the RTC, Wilmington has reduced combined sewer overflows at a fourth of the cost of more traditional approaches (such as storage tanks)—saving the city about $87 million.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

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Last updated on March 19, 2025
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