How to Cite CMAQ

Byun, D. & Schere, K.L. (2006). Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Model-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. Appl. Mech. Rev. 59(2): 51-77. doi: 10.1115/1.2128636

Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM) 

CRACMM2

Skipper, T. N., D’Ambro, E. L., Wiser, F. C., McNeill, V. F., Schwantes, R. H., Henderson, B. H., Piletic, I. R., Baublitz, C. B., Bash, J. O., Whitehill, A. R., Valin, L. C., Mouat, A. P., Kaiser, J., Wolfe, G. M., St. Clair, J. M., Hanisco, T. F., Fried, A., Place, B. K., and Pye, H. O. T.: Role of chemical production and depositional losses on formaldehyde in the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM), EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1680, 2024.

CRACMM1 emissions and chemistry framework

Pye, H. O. T., Place, B. K., Murphy, B. N., Seltzer, K. M., D'Ambro, E. L., Allen, C., Piletic, I. R., Farrell, S., Schwantes, R. H., Coggon, M. M., Saunders, E., Xu, L., Sarwar, G., Hutzell, W. T., Foley, K. M., Pouliot, G., Bash, J., and Stockwell, W. R.: Linking gas, particulate, and toxic endpoints to air emissions in the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5043–5099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5043-2023, 2023.

Place, B. K., Hutzell, W. T., Appel, K. W., Farrell, S., Valin, L., Murphy, B. N., Seltzer, K. M., Sarwar, G., Allen, C., Piletic, I. R., D'Ambro, E. L., Saunders, E., Simon, H., Torres-Vasquez, A., Pleim, J., Schwantes, R. H., Coggon, M. M., Xu, L., Stockwell, W. R., and Pye, H. O. T.: Sensitivity of northeastern US surface ozone predictions to the representation of atmospheric chemistry in the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMMv1.0), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9173-9190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, 2023.

CRACMM1AMORE representation of isoprene chemistry

Wiser, F., Place, B. K., Sen, S., Pye, H. O. T., Yang, B., Westervelt, D. M., Henze, D. K., Fiore, A. M., and McNeill, V. F.: AMORE-Isoprene v1.0: a new reduced mechanism for gas-phase isoprene oxidation, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1801–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1801-2023, 2023.

CMAQv5.3 and later (all aero7 versions) - Monoterpene photooxidation SOA

Xu, L., Pye, H. O. T., He, J., Chen, Y. L., Murphy, B. N., Ng, N. L. (2018). Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States.  Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18: 12613-12637. doi: 10.5194/acp-18-12613-2018 

CMAQv5.2 and later - SOA parameter updates (multiple systems)

Pye, H. O. T., Murphy, B. N., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., Carlton, A. G., Guo, H., Weber, R., Vasilakos, P., Appel, K. W., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Surratt, J. D., Nenes, A., Hu, W., Jimenez, J. L., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Misztal, P. K., & Goldstein, A. H. (2017). On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17: 343-369. doi:10.5194/acp-17-343-2017

CMAQv5.2 and later - Semivolatile POA + Potential Combustion SOA 

Murphy, B. N., Woody, M. C., Jimenez, J. L., Carlton, A. M. G., Hayes, P. L., Liu, S., Ng, N. L., Russell, L. M., Setyan, A., Xu, L., Young, J., Zaveri, R. A., Zhang, Q., and Pye, H. O. T. (2017). Semivolatile POA and parameterized total combustion SOA in CMAQv5.2: impacts on source strength and partitioning, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 17: 11107-11133. doi: 10.5194/acp-2017-11107-2017 

CMAQv5.2 and later for all saprco7tic and v5.3 and later for cb6r3 aero7 - monoterpene nitrate SOA and glyoxal SOA formation in aqueous aerosols

Pye, H.O.T.; Luecken, D.J.; Xu, L.; Boyd, C.M; Ng, N.L.; Baker, K.R.; Ayres, B.R.; Bash, J.O.; Baumann, K.; Carter, W. P.L.; Edgerton, E.; Fry, J.L.; Hutzell, W.T.; Schwede, D.B.; Shepson, P.B., Modeling the current and future roles of particulate organic nitrates in the southerneastern United States. Environ Sci Technol 2015, 49(24), 14195-14203. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03738

CMAQv5.1 and later - PAH/alkane SOA

Pye, H.O.T & Pouliot, G.A. (2012). Modeling the role of alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and their oligomers in secondary organic aerosol formation. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 6041-6047. doi: 10.1021/es300409w

CMAQv5.1 and later - Isoprene epoxydiol SOA framework

Pye, H.O.T., Pinder, R.W., Piletic, I., Xie, Y., Capps, S.L., Lin, Y.-H., Surratt, J.D., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., Luecken, D.J., Hutzell, W.T., Jaoui, M., Offenberg, J.H., Kleindienst, T.E., Lewandowski, M., & Edney, E.O. (2013). Epoxide pathways improve model predictions of isoprene markers and reveal key role of acidity in aerosol formation. Environ. Sci.  Technol., 47(19): 11056-11064. doi: 10.1021/es402106h

CMAQv5.0 and later - Nonvolatile POA 

Simon, H., & Bhave, P.V. (2012). Simulating the degree of oxidation in atmospheric organic particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(1): 331-339. doi: 10.1021/es202361w

CMAQv4.7 - SOA

Carlton, A. G., Bhave, P. V., Napelenok, S. L., Edney, E. O., Sarwar, G., Pinder, R. W., Pouliot, G. A., & Houyoux, M. (2010). Model representation of secondary organic aerosol in CMAQv4.7. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(22): 8553–8560. doi: 10.1021/es100636q

CMAQv5.3 and later

Fahey, K.M., Sareen, N., Carlton, A.G., & Hutzell, W.T. (2025). Updated in-cloud secondary aerosol production in the Northern Hemisphere predicted by the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. ACS Earth Space Chem. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00370.

CMAQv5.1 and later

Fahey, K.M., Carlton, A.G., Pye, H.O.T., Baek, J., Hutzell, W.T., Stanier, C.O., Baker, K.R., Appel, K.W., Jaoui, M., & Offenberg, J.H. (2017). A framework for expanding aqueous chemistry in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.1. Geoscientific Model Development, 10, 1587-1605. doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-1587-2017

Appel, K.W., Pouliot, G.A., Simon, H., Sarwar, G., Pye, H.O.T., Napelenok, S.L., Akhtar, F., & Roselle, S.J. (2013). Evaluation of dust and trace metal estimates from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0. Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 883-899. doi: 10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013

Reff, A.H., Bhave, P., Simon, H., Pace, T., Pouliot, G., Mobley, D., & Houyoux, M. (2009). Emissions inventory of PM_2.5 trace elements across the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(15), 5790-5796. doi:10.1021/es802930x

Luecken, D.J., Yarwood, G.,  & Hutzell, W.H. (2019).  Multipollutant of ozone, reactive nitrogen and HAPs across the continental US with CMAQ-CB6. Atmospheric Environment, 201, 62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.060 

Sarwar, G., Luecken, D.J., Yarwood, G., Whitten, G.D., & Carter, W.P. (2008). Impact of an updated carbon bond mechanism on predictions from the CMAQ modeling system: preliminary assessment. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47(1), 3-14.

Sarwar, G., Appel, K.W., Carlton, A.G., Mathur, R., Schere, K., Zhang, R., & Majeed, M.A. (2011). Impact of a new condensed toluene mechanism on air quality model predictions in the US. Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 183-193. doi: 10.5194/gmd-4-183-2011

Whitten, G.Z., Heo, G., Kimura, Y., McDonald-Buller, E., Allen, D.T., Carter, W.PL., & Yarwood, D. (2010). A new condensed toluene mechanism for Carbon Bond: CB05-TU. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 5346-5355. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.029

Sarwar, G., Simon, H., Bhave, P., & Yarwood, G. (2012). Examining the impact of heterogeneous nitryl chloride production on air quality across the United States. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 6455-6473. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-6455-2012

Appel, K.W., Napelenok, S., Foley, K.M., Pye, H.O.T., Hogrefe, C., Luecken, D.J., Bash, J.O., Roselle, S.J., Pleim, J.E., Foroutan, H., Hutzell, W., Pouliot, G., Sarwar, G., Sarwar, G., Fahey, K., Gantt, B., Gilliam, R.C., Kang, D., Mathur, R., Schwede, D., Spero, T., Wong, D.C., & Young, J. (2017). Overview and evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.1. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 1-41. doi: 10.5194/gmd-2016-226 .

Sarwar, G., Godowitch, J., Henderson, B., Fahey, K., Pouliot, G., Hutzell, B., Mathur, R., Kang, D., Goliff, W., & Stockwell, W. (2013). A comparison of atmospheric composition using the Carbon Bond and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanisms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13(19):9675-9712.

Hutzell, W.T., Luecken, D.J., Appel, W.K., & Carter, W.P. (2011). Interpreting Predictions from the SAPRC07 Mechanism Based on Regional and Continental Simulations. Atmospheric Environment, 46(00), 417-429.

Xie, Y., Paulot, F., Carter, W., Nolte, C., Luecken, D., Hutzell, B., Wennberg, P., Cohen, R., & Pinder, R. (2013). Understanding the impact of recent advances in isoprene photooxidation on simulations of regional air quality. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13, 8439-8455.

Sarwar, G., Gantt, B., Schwede, D., Foley, K., Mathur, R., & Saiz-Lopez, A. (2015). Impact of enhanced ozone deposition and halogen chemistry on tropospheric ozone over the Northern Hemisphere. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(15), 9203-9211.

Sarwar, G., Simon, H., Bhave, P., & Yarwood, G. (2012). Examining the impact of heterogeneous nitryl chloride production on air quality across the United States. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 6455-6473. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-6455-2012

Overview for gas and aerosol deposition

Pleim, J. and Ran, L. (2011). Surface flux modeling for air quality applications. Atmosphere, 2(3), pp.271-302.

Particle Dry Deposition CMAQv5.4

Pleim, J. E., Ran, L., Saylor, R. D., Willison, J., & Binkowski, F. S. (2022). A new aerosol dry deposition model for air quality and climate modeling. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14, e2022MS003050. doi: 10.1029/2022MS003050

Particle Dry Deposition CMAQv5.3

Shu, Q., Murphy, B. N., Schwede, D., Henderson, B. H., Pye, H. O. T., Appel, K. W., Khan, T. R., and Perlinger, J. A. (2022). Improving the particle dry deposition scheme in the CMAQ photochemical modeling system. Atmospheric Environment, 289, 119343. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119343

Bi-directional Ammonia flux CMAQv5.3 and later

Pleim, J. E., Ran, L., Appel, W., Shephard, M. W., & Cady‐Pereira, K. (2019). New bidirectional ammonia flux model in an air quality model coupled with an agricultural model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(9):2934-2957. doi: 10.1029/2019MS001728 

Diagnostics, Tools, and Instrumented Models

DESID

Murphy, B., Nolte, C., Sidi, F., Bash, J., Appel, W. K., Jang, C., Kang, D., Kelly, J., Mathur, R., Napelenok, S., Pouliot, G., Pye, H.O.T. (2020). The Detailed Emissions Scaling, Isolation, and Diagnostic (DESID) module in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 5.3.2. Geoscientific Model Development, 14: 3407-3420. doi: 10.5194/gmd-14-3407-2021

CMAQ-ISAM, CMAQ-DDM-3D

Cohan, D., Napelenok, S. (2011). Air Quality Response Modeling for Decision Support. Atmosphere, 2(3): 2030407. doi: 10.3390/atmos2030407

Shu, Q., Napelenok, S., Hutzell, W.T., Baker, K.R., Henderson, B.H., Murphy, B.N., & Hogrefe, C. (2023). Comparison of ozone formation attribution techniques in the northeastern United States, GMD, 16, 2303–2322. doi: 10.5194/gmd-16-2303-2023

Appel, W., Napelenok, S., Hogrefe, C., Pouliot, G., Foley, K., Roselle, S., Pleim, J.,  Bash,  J. , Pye, H., Heath, N., Murphy, B. and Mathur, R. (2017). Overview and Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System Version 5.2. Chapter 11, Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham (ZG), Switzerland,  69-73. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_11  

Appel, K.W., Napelenok, S., Foley, K.M., Pye, H.O.T., Hogrefe, C., Luecken, D.J., Bash, J.O., Roselle, S.J., Pleim, J.E., Foroutan, H., Hutzell, W., Pouliot, G., Sarwar, G., Sarwar, G., Fahey, K., Gantt, B., Gilliam, R.C., Kang, D., Mathur, R., Schwede, D., Spero, T., Wong, D.C., and Young, J. (2017). Description and evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 5.1. Geosci. Model Dev., 10: 1703-1732. doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-1703-2017 .

Appel, K.W., Pouliot, G.A., Simon, H., Sarwar, G., Pye, H.O.T., Napelenok, S.L., Akhtar, F., and Roselle, S.J. (2013). Evaluation of dust and trace metal estimates from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0. Geosci. Model Dev., 6: 883-899. doi: 10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013

Deposition (CMAQv5.0.2)

Zhang, Y., Foley, K. M., Schwede, D. B., Bash, J. O., Pinto, J. P., and Dennis, R. L. (2019) A Measurement-Model Fusion Approach for Improved Wet Deposition Maps and Trends, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 4237–4251. doi:  https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029051 

Appel, K.W., Foley, K. Bash, J.O., Pinder, R.W., Dennis, R.L., Allen, D.J., & Pickering, K.  (2011). A multi-resolution assessment of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v4.7 wet deposition estimates for 2002 - 2006. Geosci. Model Dev., 4(2): 357-371. doi: 10.5194/gmd-4-357-2011 

Foley, K., Roselle, S.J., Appel, K.W., Bhave, P., Pleim, J.E., Otte, T.L., Mathur, R., Sarwar, G., Young, J.O., Gilliam, R.C., Nolte, C.G., Kelly, J.T., Gilliland, A., & Bash, J.O. (2010). Incremental testing of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 4.7. Geosci. Model Dev., 3: 205-226. doi: 10.5194/gmd-3-205-2010

Appel, K.W., Bhave, P., Gilliland, A., Sarwar, G., & Roselle, S.J. (2008). Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: uncertainties and sensitivities impacting model performance: part II - particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 42(24): 6057-6066. doi:  10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.036

Appel, K.W., Gilliland, A., Sarwar, G., & Gilliam R.C. (2007). Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: uncertainties and sensitivities impacting model performance: part I - ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 41(40): 9603-9613. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.044