Superfund Remedial Annual Accomplishments

Fiscal Year 2020 Report

EPA’s Superfund program tracks the following measures on an annual basis to keep the public and internal and external stakeholders informed of the program’s progress in cleaning up sites and supporting their return to beneficial use.

Superfund FY 2020 Annual Accomplishments Report (PDF)(40 pp, 6.8 MB, About PDF)

On this page:

• Protecting communities' health and ecosystems
• Safeguarding communities from imminent threats
• Preparing for future cleanup efforts
• Funding Superfund work
• Conducting construction work
• Completing construction work
• Getting sites ready for redevelopment
• Ensuring long-term protection
• Superfund Sites Leaving the National Priorities List (NPL) After Successful Cleanups
• Optimizing Superfund work to increase efficiency
• EPA Funds State Superfund Work

Protecting communities' health and ecosystems

EPA completed actions at a net total of 20 additional sites to control potential or actual human exposure risk, bringing the cumulative total at the end of FY 2020 to 1,543 sites.

At a net total of 9 additional sites, EPA controlled the migration of contaminated groundwater through engineered remedies or natural processes, bringing the cumulative total to 1,219 sites.

Safeguarding communities from imminent threats

In FY 2020, EPA completed or provided oversight for 197 removal actions to address contamination that poses imminent and substantial threats to human health and the environment.

Preparing for future cleanup efforts

Completed 658 remedial site assessments, for a cumulative total of 97,447. These efforts determine whether a release warrants additional actions by EPA or can be referred to some other authority.

Placed 8 sites on and proposed 9 sites to the National Priorities List (NPL). At the end of FY 2020, the NPL had 48 proposed, 1,327 final and 438 deleted sites.

EPA selected 55 cleanup remedies and amended 56 cleanup plans.

As of April 2021, there were 51 sites with active Superfund Alternative Approach (SAA) agreements and 15 additional sites that have completed construction work under the SAA.

Funding Superfund work

Special Accounts

In FY 2020, EPA disbursed or obligated over $258 million, including reclassifications, for site-specific work across Superfund response programs – from special accounts established with funds received through potentially responsible party (PRP) settlements. Cumulatively, as of the end of FY 2020, approximately $4.7 billion has been disbursed or obligated for Superfund cleanups from these accounts.

Pre-construction

In FY 2020, EPA obligated over $219 million to conduct and oversee pre-construction site work, such as site assessments and investigations, selection and design of cleanup plans, and support for state, tribal, community involvement and other activities—from congressional appropriations and special accounts.

Construction Funding

In FY 2020, EPA obligated approximately $400 million for construction and post-construction projects from congressional appropriations, states, and special accounts.

Spotlight on Enforcement

EPA’s Superfund enforcement program helps save taxpayer dollars by finding the companies or people responsible for contamination at a site and negotiating with or ordering them to do the cleanup themselves, or to pay for the cleanup done by another party and reimbursing the Agency for its past cleanup work.

In FY 2020, through enforcement instruments, EPA obtained over $636 million in private party commitments to clean up Superfund sites and approximately $66 million to reimburse the Agency for its past costs associated with cleanup work at Superfund sites. Additionally, EPA billed PRPs approximately $111 million for oversight costs associated with cleanup work performed by PRPs at Superfund sites.

Conducting construction work

EPA and other project leads started 67 new remedial construction projects, including 29 government-led projects, 15 PRP-led projects (14 NPL sites and 1 SAA site), and 23 federal facility-led projects.

EPA and other project leads conducted construction or provided oversight at 443 remedial construction projects started in prior fiscal years, including 133 government-led projects, 179 PRP-led projects (175 NPL sites and 4 SAA sites) and 131 federal facility-led projects.

EPA was unable to fund new construction work at 38 National Priorities List sites that would have otherwise been ready for construction in FY 2020. Construction projects awaiting funding result when a potentially responsible party is not found or cannot pay, and no other funding sources, including appropriated funds, are available. See:

• Superfund Sites with New Construction Projects Awaiting Funding

Completing construction work

In FY 2020, EPA and other project leads completed 91 remedial construction projects. This total includes 23 government-led projects, 31 PRP-led projects (29 NPL sites and 2 SAA sites) and 37 federal facility sites.

“Construction completion” is a milestone that indicates all physical construction required for the cleanup of the entire site has been completed (even though final cleanup levels may not have been achieved). For example, a groundwater treatment system has been constructed though it may need to operate for a number of years in order for all contaminants to be removed from the groundwater.

In FY 2020, all physical construction required for the cleanup of the entire site was completed at 10 NPL sites and 1 SAA site. EPA (and other project leads) have now completed construction of all remedies at 1,221 NPL sites and 9 SAA sites.

Getting sites ready for redevelopment

In FY 2020, Superfund identified 34 additional sites as having all long-term protections in place to meet Superfund’s Sitewide Ready for Anticipated Use (SWRAU) measure. To meet SWRAU, a site must have: all aspects of the cleanup in place for any media that may affect future land uses; all land use restrictions or other cleanup controls in place; and be a final or deleted NPL site, or SAA site, that has reached the construction complete milestone. This brings the cumulative total of SWRAU sites to 969 sites.

Redevelopment of Superfund sites, which can start prior to the SWRAU designation, has brought thousands of jobs to communities. Many sites that EPA has designated as ready for reuse in previous years now host parks, business districts, renewable energy facilities, commercial and industrial facilities, and wildlife habitat.

Returning Superfund Sites to Productive Use

Today, about 1,000 Superfund sites support new and ongoing uses. EPA has collected data on more than 9,900 businesses at 632 of these sites. In FY 2020, these businesses generated $63.3 billion in sales and employed more than 227,000 people who earned a combined income of more than $16.3 billion.

Over the last 10 years (2011-2020), these businesses’ ongoing operations have generated at least $394 billion (inflation adjusted) in sales, which is more than 25 times the $15.7 billion (inflation adjusted) EPA has spent cumulatively at these sites.

Ensuring long-term protection

EPA conducted 293 five-year reviews, including 30 at federal facility sites, to ensure that remedies built at these sites continue to protect communities.

Superfund Sites Leaving the National Priorities List (NPL) After Successful Cleanups

Deletion from the NPL announces to communities and signals to potential developers and financial institutions that cleanup is complete. Deletion from the NPL helps the community move forward and is necessary for a site to be eligible for Brownfields grants that help revitalize communities and promote economic growth.

In FY 2020, EPA deleted 14 full sites and parts of 13 more sites. In total, EPA has deleted 438 sites from the NPL and has made 118 partial deletions at 92 NPL sites (some sites have multiple partial deletions).

Optimizing Superfund work to increase efficiency

Through Superfund’s optimization program, teams of independent technical experts identify and support opportunities to improve the effectiveness and cost efficiency of Superfund remedies. In FY 2020, Superfund completed 15 optimization evaluation and support projects with another 31 underway and continuing into 2021. Often, the optimization of remedies typically yields benefits in terms of cost savings, improved effectiveness, and improved timelines of completion that greatly exceed the costs of optimization itself.

EPA Funds State Superfund Work

In partnership with states and tribes and through cooperative agreements, EPA provides states and tribes with funding to conduct work under the Superfund program, including site assessment, investigations, remedial action, review of remedy decision documents and enforcement actions. In FY 2020, EPA provided approximately $53.5 million to states to conduct activities at NPL sites, and to support the Superfund program. States play a significant role in identifying and assessing sites to determine the most appropriate cleanup program to address the site. In FY 2020, states developed 453 (68 percent) of the 658 Superfund remedial site assessments across 42 states as well as tribal land.